Журнал «З архівів ВУЧК-ГПУ-НКВД-КГБ». № 1 (55), 2021

290 Ксенія Кузіна Удаваний сміх: образ ВЧК/ОГПУ/НКВД … 1920–1930-ті рр. 291 (druha polovyna 1929 – pochatok 1930 rr.). Storinky istorii – History Kuzina K. Pretended Laughter: The Image of the Cheka/OGPU/NKVD Pages. Kyiv: NTUU «KPI». Vol. 38, pp. 46–64. [In Ukrainian]. in Official Humorous Discourse (the 1920s–1930s) 10. Issers, O.S. (2009). Rechevoe vozdejstvie: ucheb. posobie dlya studentov. The article aims at characterizing the image of the Soviet intelligence service Moskva: Flinta: Nauka. [In Russian]. and the mechanisms of its creation in the official humorous discourse of the USSR in the 1920s and 1930s. 11. Kuipers, G. (2008). The sociology of humor. In: Raskin V. and Ruch W. (ed.). The primer of humor research. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Methodology. This research is based on the symbolic interactionist approach Gruyter, pp. 361–398. [In English]. to humor (focuses on the role of humor in the construction of meanings and social relations in social interaction), the functionalist approach 12. Kuzina, K. (2019). ODPU/NKVS u radians’komu plakati ta karykaturi (interprets humor in terms of the social functions it fulfills for a society or (1930-ti – pochatok 1940-kh rr.). Z arkhiviv VUChK–HPU–NKVD–KHB – social group) and the historical-comparative approach (attempts to understand the social role of humor through comparisons in time and From the archives of the VUChK–GPU–NKVD–KGB, 1 (51), pp. 220–263. place). The method of content analysis was used to investigate textual DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/vuchk2019.01.220. [In Ukrainian]. and visual materials of the Soviet humorous magazines «Crocodile» and 13. Maievs’kyj, O. (2020). Feliks Dzerzhyns’kyj – «pershyj chekist» i «Red Pepper», which were the main historical sources of this study. «kryvavyj kat» kriz’ pryzmu plakatu i karykatury. Z arkhiviv VUChK– Conclusions. Official political humor was a means of Soviet agitation and HPU–NKVD–KHB – From the archives of the VUChK–GPU–NKVD–KGB, propaganda. The ruling party of the Soviet Union had a monopoly over 1 (53), pp. 105–133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/vuchk2020.01.105. the means of producing official jokes. All publications were owned, [In Ukrainian]. controlled and censored by the state. The opposition between «enemy» and «hero» was represented within the comedic context. The Soviet 14. Mel’nichenko, M. (2014). Sovetskij anekdot (ukazatel’ syuzhetov). Moskva: official humorous discourse was characterized by the ridicule of the Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie. [In Russian] «enemy» and, at the same time, the glorification of the Cheka/OGPU/ NKVD as a «hero» and a «winner». In the plots of satirical poetry or 15. Nerar, F.-K. (2011). Pyat’ proczentov pravdy’. Razoblachenie i donosi- prose and in the cartoons, there were the stereotypical images of Soviet tel’stvo v stalinskom SSSR (1928–1941). (E. I. Balakhovskay. Trans.). intelligence officers as defenders of the achievements of the revolution, Moskva: ROSSPE’N. [In Russian]. fighters against lawbreakers and enemies of the Soviet system. The authoritarian state tried to avoid laughter at the state security agencies 16. Rod, M. (2009). Psikhologiya yumora. (L. V. Kulikov. Trans.). SPb: Piter. as well as outlined the framework of permitted laughter. There were [In Russian]. samples of non-satirical humor in official humorous texts and caricatures. The official political humor was aimed at consolidating social order in the 17. Teplyakov, A.G. (2013). Infernal’naya karnavalizacziya: «cherny’j USSR. yumor» partizan i chekistov 1920–1930-kh gg. Idei i idealy’, 3 (17), vol. 1, Key words: propaganda, political humor, caricature, Soviet satire, Cheka/ pp. 105–116. [In Russian]. OGPU/NKVD. 18. Vashik, K. (2005). Metamorfozy zla: nemecko-russkie obrazy vraga v plakatnoj propagande 30–50-x godov (Per. A. Perlov. Trans.). In Kon- radova, N. (Ed.). Obraz vraga. Moskva: OGI. [In Russian]. 19. Yablokov, A. (Ed.). (2014). Istoriya glazami «Krokodila». XX vek. Slova. 1922–1937. Moskva. [In Russian]. 20. Zvereva, S.N. (2004). Sovetskaya vneshnepoliticheskaya karikatura: Opy’t istochnikovedcheskogo issledovaniya. Istochnikovedcheskie issledovaniya. Vol. 1. Moskva. [In Russian].